The Geological Eons and Eras: Major Developments The geological eons and eras are the broadest divisions of geological time. Each eon and era marks a period of major developments in both the tectonic and biological history of the Earth (The Geological Society, 2020).The Hadean Eon marks the very beginning of Earth’s history. During this time, heavy bombardment from meteorites and comets caused the Earth’s surface […]

The Poorly Sorted Depositional Environment The poorly sorted depositional environment is characterized by a mix of different sizes and types of sediment, including sand, silt, pebbles, gravel, and boulders. This environment is usually created by high-energy water or wind movement that is powerful enough to move the different sediment sizes, but not powerful enough to sort them into distinct layers. In other words, the sizes […]

The Landforms Created by Glaciers Glaciers are large masses of slowly moving ice, and they have had a profound effect on the landscape over the course of history. As glaciers move across the landscape, they create landforms in their wake, and as they melt, they leave behind even more. These landforms can range from the subtle to the dramatic, and their formation and existence can […]

How to Identify the Evidence of a Glacier Passing Through Your Neighborhood A glacier (ice sheet) is a large body of ice which moves slowly over land, carving out valleys, depositing sediment, and leaving behind a variety of evidence (Raupach, 2017). It is possible to identify the presence of a glacier in your neighborhood by looking for certain landforms or indicators. The most obvious evidence […]

The Risk of Groundwater Contamination Groundwater contamination is a growing concern for many communities around the world. It is a serious environmental hazard that can lead to a variety of negative health impacts. Groundwater contamination occurs when pollutants, such as chemicals, bacteria, and other contaminants, enter the groundwater supply. Contaminants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial activities, agriculture, and even natural sources. […]

The Stratigraphy of the Great Unconformity The Great Unconformity is a major stratigraphic discontinuity in the geologic record that represents an interruption in the deposition of sedimentary rocks. It is a feature of considerable importance in the stratigraphic interpretation of sedimentary basins and is found around the world in many different geological settings. The Great Unconformity can represent millions of years of missing geologic time […]

The Landforms Created by Glaciers Glaciers are large masses of slowly moving ice, and they have had a profound effect on the landscape over the course of history. As glaciers move across the landscape, they create landforms in their wake, and as they melt, they leave behind even more. These landforms can range from the subtle to the dramatic, and their formation and existence can […]

The Chronologic Order of Formation: The Earth’s Interior The Earth is an incredibly intricate and dynamic system, composed of many different layers and features. Understanding the chronological order of the formation of these layers is essential for understanding the evolution of our planet. The oldest layer of the Earth’s interior is the inner core, which is believed to have formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago. […]

Glaciers: From the Pleistocene to the Present Glaciers are large, slowly-moving masses of ice that have been shaping the Earth’s surface for thousands of years. During the Pleistocene Epoch, also known as the Ice Age, glaciers covered much of the Northern Hemisphere. At the time, glaciers could be found as far south as present-day Ohio and Virginia in the United States (Cohen & Gibbard, 2016). […]

Water Allocation and Water Sharing: An Overview Water is a vital resource for human survival and development, yet it is often scarce. As a result, the allocation and sharing of this limited resource is a major issue for many countries, particularly those with multiple users. In this paper, the focus is on two of the most commonly used methods for water allocation and sharing: the […]