Social Structure Theories: Social structure theories are based on the idea that society is held together through a system of shared values and norms. These theories suggest that individuals in society develop behaviors, attitudes and beliefs according to their place in the social hierarchy. This theory is used to explain why people of different classes or races may have different behavior patterns, or why certain groups may be disproportionally affected by crime and other challenges. It suggests that people’s behavior is determined by their position within the larger social structure rather than their individual traits or characteristics.

Strain Theories: Strain theory states that people who experience strain due to difficulty obtaining socially valued goals such as success, wealth, power, respect and recognition will resort to criminal activity as an alternative means of achieving those goals. This theory was developed by Robert Merton in 1938 and has since been modified by several theorists including Albert Kornhauser, Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin. In addition to explaining criminal behavior, strain theory has also been utilized to explain suicide rates among adolescents as well as deviant forms of leisure activities such as gang involvement.