The primary findings based on empirical evidence linking brain structure and functional abnormality to antisocial behavior are that there is an association between deficits in the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and other related areas of the brain with a variety of problem behaviors. This includes aggressive/violent acts, criminal behavior, impulsivity, poor decision making, substance abuse and addiction, lack of empathy or remorse for others’ suffering (psychopathy), among many other issues.

One main finding from research on this topic is that individuals who engage in antisocial behavior tend to have structural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) compared to those who do not engage in such behaviors. Specifically, studies have found decreases in gray matter volume as well as reduced white matter integrity within these regions of the brain. In addition to structural differences associated with antisocial behavior and aggression, researchers also note functional impairments that may contribute to impulsive or reckless actions characteristic of this population. For example, changes in metabolic activity have been observed during tasks designed to assess executive functioning abilities associated with PFC functioning. Such deficits are thought to lead individuals towards engaging in risky decisions without considering potential consequences due to impaired inhibition abilities.