The impact of air pollution on human health has been extensively studied over the past few decades. However, despite this research effort, there remain significant gaps in our understanding of how various types and concentrations of air pollutants affect health outcomes. A systematic review of studies published between 1994 and 2018 showed that most studies focused only on one or two major pollutants such as PM2.5 or ozone, while only a small number considered multiple pollutants simultaneously (Li et al., 2020). Moreover, these studies were largely cross-sectional in nature and lacked robust epidemiological data to support causal relationships between pollutants and adverse health effects. This lack of evidence limits our ability to draw conclusions about the full magnitude and scope of the effects associated with exposure to different levels and mixtures of air pollutants.